<< problem 187 - Semiprimes | Tri-colouring a triangular grid - problem 189 >> |
Problem 188: The hyperexponentiation of a number
(see projecteuler.net/problem=188)
The hyperexponentiation or tetration of a number a by a positive integer b, denoted by a \upuparrows b or {^b}a, is recursively defined by:
a \upuparrows 1 = a,
a \upuparrows (k+1) = a(a \upuparrows k).
Thus we have e.g. 3 \upuparrows 2 = 3^3 = 27, hence 3 \upuparrows 3 = 3^27 = 7625597484987 and 3 \upuparrows 4 is roughly 10^{3.6383346400240996 * 10^12}.
Find the last 8 digits of 1777 \upuparrows 1855.
My Algorithm
powmod
was taken from my toolbox.
When I printed intermediate results of tetration
I found that the last digits converge pretty quickly.
But even without the early-exit optimization the code finishes almost instantly.
Interactive test
You can submit your own input to my program and it will be instantly processed at my server:
This is equivalent toecho "3 3" | ./188
Output:
Note: the original problem's input 1777 1854
cannot be entered
because just copying results is a soft skill reserved for idiots.
(this interactive test is still under development, computations will be aborted after one second)
My code
… was written in C++11 and can be compiled with G++, Clang++, Visual C++. You can download it, too. Or just jump to my GitHub repository.
#include <iostream>
// return (base^exponent) % modulo for 32-bit values, no need for mulmod
unsigned int powmod(unsigned int base, unsigned int exponent, unsigned int modulo)
{
unsigned int result = 1;
while (exponent > 0)
{
// fast exponentation:
// odd exponent ? a^b = a*a^(b-1)
if (exponent & 1)
result = (result * (unsigned long long)base) % modulo;
// even exponent ? a^b = (a*a)^(b/2)
base = (base * (unsigned long long)base) % modulo;
exponent >>= 1;
}
return result;
}
// compute result
unsigned int tetration(unsigned int a, unsigned int b, unsigned int modulo)
{
unsigned int last = 0;
unsigned int result = 1;
while (b--)
{
result = powmod(a, result, modulo);
// converges pretty fast, abort early
if (last == result)
break;
last = result;
}
return result;
}
int main()
{
unsigned int a = 1777;
unsigned int b = 1855;
std::cin >> a >> b;
unsigned int modulo = 100000000;
// abort if gcd(a, modulo) != 1
if (a % 10 == 0)
return 1;
std::cout << tetration(a, b, modulo) << std::endl;
return 0;
}
This solution contains 8 empty lines, 7 comments and 1 preprocessor command.
Benchmark
The correct solution to the original Project Euler problem was found in less than 0.01 seconds on an Intel® Core™ i7-2600K CPU @ 3.40GHz.
(compiled for x86_64 / Linux, GCC flags: -O3 -march=native -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -std=gnu++11 -DORIGINAL
)
See here for a comparison of all solutions.
Note: interactive tests run on a weaker (=slower) computer. Some interactive tests are compiled without -DORIGINAL
.
Changelog
June 14, 2017 submitted solution
June 14, 2017 added comments
Difficulty
Project Euler ranks this problem at 35% (out of 100%).
Links
projecteuler.net/thread=188 - the best forum on the subject (note: you have to submit the correct solution first)
Code in various languages:
Python github.com/nayuki/Project-Euler-solutions/blob/master/python/p188.py (written by Nayuki)
Python github.com/smacke/project-euler/blob/master/python/188.py (written by Stephen Macke)
C++ github.com/roosephu/project-euler/blob/master/188.cpp (written by Yuping Luo)
C github.com/LaurentMazare/ProjectEuler/blob/master/e188.c (written by Laurent Mazare)
Java github.com/dcrousso/ProjectEuler/blob/master/PE188.java (written by Devin Rousso)
Java github.com/HaochenLiu/My-Project-Euler/blob/master/188.java (written by Haochen Liu)
Java github.com/nayuki/Project-Euler-solutions/blob/master/java/p188.java (written by Nayuki)
Java github.com/thrap/project-euler/blob/master/src/Java/Problem188.java (written by Magnus Solheim Thrap)
Go github.com/frrad/project-euler/blob/master/golang/Problem188.go (written by Frederick Robinson)
Mathematica github.com/nayuki/Project-Euler-solutions/blob/master/mathematica/p188.mathematica (written by Nayuki)
Mathematica github.com/steve98654/ProjectEuler/blob/master/188.nb
Haskell github.com/nayuki/Project-Euler-solutions/blob/master/haskell/p188.hs (written by Nayuki)
Perl github.com/gustafe/projecteuler/blob/master/188-Tetration.pl (written by Gustaf Erikson)
Those links are just an unordered selection of source code I found with a semi-automatic search script on Google/Bing/GitHub/whatever.
You will probably stumble upon better solutions when searching on your own.
Maybe not all linked resources produce the correct result and/or exceed time/memory limits.
Heatmap
Please click on a problem's number to open my solution to that problem:
green | solutions solve the original Project Euler problem and have a perfect score of 100% at Hackerrank, too | |
yellow | solutions score less than 100% at Hackerrank (but still solve the original problem easily) | |
gray | problems are already solved but I haven't published my solution yet | |
blue | solutions are relevant for Project Euler only: there wasn't a Hackerrank version of it (at the time I solved it) or it differed too much | |
orange | problems are solved but exceed the time limit of one minute or the memory limit of 256 MByte | |
red | problems are not solved yet but I wrote a simulation to approximate the result or verified at least the given example - usually I sketched a few ideas, too | |
black | problems are solved but access to the solution is blocked for a few days until the next problem is published | |
[new] | the flashing problem is the one I solved most recently |
I stopped working on Project Euler problems around the time they released 617.
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I scored 13526 points (out of 15700 possible points, top rank was 17 out of ≈60000 in August 2017) at Hackerrank's Project Euler+.
My username at Project Euler is stephanbrumme while it's stbrumme at Hackerrank.
Look at my progress and performance pages to get more details.
Copyright
I hope you enjoy my code and learn something - or give me feedback how I can improve my solutions.
All of my solutions can be used for any purpose and I am in no way liable for any damages caused.
You can even remove my name and claim it's yours. But then you shall burn in hell.
The problems and most of the problems' images were created by Project Euler.
Thanks for all their endless effort !!!
<< problem 187 - Semiprimes | Tri-colouring a triangular grid - problem 189 >> |