<< problem 80 - Square root digital expansion | Path sum: three ways - problem 82 >> |
Problem 81: Path sum: two ways
(see projecteuler.net/problem=81)
In the 5 by 5 matrix below, the minimal path sum from the top left to the bottom right,
by only moving to the right and down, is indicated in bold and is equal to 2427.
131 673 234 103 18
201 96 342 965 150
630 803 746 422 111
537 699 497 121 956
805 732 524 37 331
Find the minimal path sum, in matrix.txt (right click and "Save Link/Target As..."), a 31K text file containing a 80 by 80 matrix, from the top left to the bottom right by only moving right and down.
My Algorithm
That's a classic example for breadth-first search (see )
Initialization: create a priority-queue (descendingly ordered by the path sum / called weight
in my program) and insert the upper left corner.
As long as we haven't reached the destination:
- pick the position with the lowest weight (=partial path sum)
- discard it if we have already processed that position
- mark it as processed
- add its right and bottom neighbor to the priority queue, with their numbers added to the current
weight
priority_queue
. Unfortunately its top()
returns the largest value but I need the smallest.Therefore my struct
Cell
has operator<()
implemented "the wrong way" on purpose.
Note
Project Euler's file has all values stored in a CSV (comma-separated values) format.
The C++ code looks a bit ugly because C++ recognizes only whitespaces by default.
Interactive test
You can submit your own input to my program and it will be instantly processed at my server:
This live test is based on the Hackerrank problem.
This is equivalent toecho "" | ./81
Output:
(this interactive test is still under development, computations will be aborted after one second)
My code
… was written in C++11 and can be compiled with G++, Clang++, Visual C++. You can download it, as well as the input data, too. Or just jump to my GitHub repository.
The code contains #ifdef
s to switch between the original problem and the Hackerrank version.
Enable #ifdef ORIGINAL
to produce the result for the original problem (default setting for most problems).
#include <queue>
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
// 2D matrix: unfortunately x and y are swapped, so we need to write matrix[y][x]
// instead of the more common matrix[x][y]
typedef std::vector<std::vector<unsigned int>> Matrix;
// use a priority queue to find the next cell to process
struct Cell
{
// position
unsigned int x, y;
// sum of shortest route so far
unsigned long long weight;
Cell(unsigned int x_, unsigned int y_, unsigned long long weight_)
: x(x_), y(y_), weight(weight_) {}
// std::priority_queue returns the LARGEST element, therefore I implement this function "the other way 'round"
bool operator<(const Cell& cell) const
{
return weight > cell.weight; // ">" is not a typo !
}
};
// breadth-search
unsigned long long search(const Matrix& matrix)
{
// matrix height/width
const auto size = matrix.size();
// store already processed cells
std::vector<std::vector<bool>> processed(matrix.size());
for (auto& row : processed)
row.resize(matrix.size(), false);
// process cells in increasing distance from starting point
std::priority_queue<Cell> next;
// add starting point (upper left corner)
next.push(Cell(0, 0, matrix[0][0]));
while (!next.empty())
{
// get cell with the smallest weight
Cell cell = next.top();
// and remove it from the queue
next.pop();
// we have been here before ?
// must have been on a shorter route, hence discard current cell
if (processed[cell.y][cell.x])
continue;
processed[cell.y][cell.x] = true;
// finished ?
if (cell.x == size - 1 && cell.y == size - 1)
return cell.weight;
// one step right
if (cell.x + 1 < size)
next.push(Cell(cell.x + 1, cell.y, cell.weight + matrix[cell.y][cell.x + 1]));
// one step down
if (cell.y + 1 < size)
next.push(Cell(cell.x, cell.y + 1, cell.weight + matrix[cell.y + 1][cell.x]));
}
return -1; // failed
}
int main()
{
unsigned int size = 80;
//#define ORIGINAL
#ifndef ORIGINAL
std::cin >> size;
#endif
Matrix matrix(size);
for (auto& row : matrix)
{
row.resize(size);
for (auto& cell : row)
{
#ifdef ORIGINAL
// unfortunately, Project Euler used a CSV format which is a bit tricky to parse in C++
cell = 0;
// read until the number is complete or we run out of input
while (std::cin)
{
char c;
std::cin.get(c);
// number complete ?
if (c < '0' || c > '9')
break;
// add digit to current number
cell *= 10;
cell += c - '0';
}
#else
std::cin >> cell;
#endif
}
}
// go !
std::cout << search(matrix) << std::endl;
return 0;
}
This solution contains 18 empty lines, 24 comments and 8 preprocessor commands.
Benchmark
The correct solution to the original Project Euler problem was found in less than 0.01 seconds on an Intel® Core™ i7-2600K CPU @ 3.40GHz.
(compiled for x86_64 / Linux, GCC flags: -O3 -march=native -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -std=gnu++11 -DORIGINAL
)
See here for a comparison of all solutions.
Note: interactive tests run on a weaker (=slower) computer. Some interactive tests are compiled without -DORIGINAL
.
Changelog
March 12, 2017 submitted solution
May 4, 2017 added comments
Hackerrank
see https://www.hackerrank.com/contests/projecteuler/challenges/euler081
My code solves 7 out of 7 test cases (score: 100%)
Difficulty
Project Euler ranks this problem at 10% (out of 100%).
Hackerrank describes this problem as easy.
Note:
Hackerrank has strict execution time limits (typically 2 seconds for C++ code) and often a much wider input range than the original problem.
In my opinion, Hackerrank's modified problems are usually a lot harder to solve. As a rule thumb: brute-force is rarely an option.
Links
projecteuler.net/thread=81 - the best forum on the subject (note: you have to submit the correct solution first)
Code in various languages:
C# www.mathblog.dk/project-euler-81-find-the-minimal-path-sum-from-the-top-left-to-the-bottom-right-by-moving-right-and-down/ (written by Kristian Edlund)
Python github.com/hughdbrown/Project-Euler/blob/master/euler-081.py (written by Hugh Brown)
Python github.com/nayuki/Project-Euler-solutions/blob/master/python/p081.py (written by Nayuki)
Python github.com/sefakilic/euler/blob/master/python/euler081.py (written by Sefa Kilic)
C++ github.com/Meng-Gen/ProjectEuler/blob/master/81.cc (written by Meng-Gen Tsai)
C++ github.com/zmwangx/Project-Euler/blob/master/081/081.cpp (written by Zhiming Wang)
Java github.com/dcrousso/ProjectEuler/blob/master/PE081.java (written by Devin Rousso)
Java github.com/nayuki/Project-Euler-solutions/blob/master/java/p081.java (written by Nayuki)
Java github.com/thrap/project-euler/blob/master/src/Java/Problem81.java (written by Magnus Solheim Thrap)
Mathematica github.com/nayuki/Project-Euler-solutions/blob/master/mathematica/p081.mathematica (written by Nayuki)
Mathematica github.com/steve98654/ProjectEuler/blob/master/081.nb
Haskell github.com/nayuki/Project-Euler-solutions/blob/master/haskell/p081.hs (written by Nayuki)
Haskell github.com/roosephu/project-euler/blob/master/81.hs (written by Yuping Luo)
Clojure github.com/rm-hull/project-euler/blob/master/src/euler081.clj (written by Richard Hull)
Scala github.com/samskivert/euler-scala/blob/master/Euler081.scala (written by Michael Bayne)
Perl github.com/gustafe/projecteuler/blob/master/081-Path-sum-two-ways.pl (written by Gustaf Erikson)
Perl github.com/shlomif/project-euler/blob/master/project-euler/81/euler-81.pl (written by Shlomi Fish)
Rust github.com/gifnksm/ProjectEulerRust/blob/master/src/bin/p081.rs
Those links are just an unordered selection of source code I found with a semi-automatic search script on Google/Bing/GitHub/whatever.
You will probably stumble upon better solutions when searching on your own.
Maybe not all linked resources produce the correct result and/or exceed time/memory limits.
Heatmap
Please click on a problem's number to open my solution to that problem:
green | solutions solve the original Project Euler problem and have a perfect score of 100% at Hackerrank, too | |
yellow | solutions score less than 100% at Hackerrank (but still solve the original problem easily) | |
gray | problems are already solved but I haven't published my solution yet | |
blue | solutions are relevant for Project Euler only: there wasn't a Hackerrank version of it (at the time I solved it) or it differed too much | |
orange | problems are solved but exceed the time limit of one minute or the memory limit of 256 MByte | |
red | problems are not solved yet but I wrote a simulation to approximate the result or verified at least the given example - usually I sketched a few ideas, too | |
black | problems are solved but access to the solution is blocked for a few days until the next problem is published | |
[new] | the flashing problem is the one I solved most recently |
I stopped working on Project Euler problems around the time they released 617.
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I scored 13526 points (out of 15700 possible points, top rank was 17 out of ≈60000 in August 2017) at Hackerrank's Project Euler+.
My username at Project Euler is stephanbrumme while it's stbrumme at Hackerrank.
Look at my progress and performance pages to get more details.
Copyright
I hope you enjoy my code and learn something - or give me feedback how I can improve my solutions.
All of my solutions can be used for any purpose and I am in no way liable for any damages caused.
You can even remove my name and claim it's yours. But then you shall burn in hell.
The problems and most of the problems' images were created by Project Euler.
Thanks for all their endless effort !!!
<< problem 80 - Square root digital expansion | Path sum: three ways - problem 82 >> |