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Problem 317: Firecracker
(see projecteuler.net/problem=317)
A firecracker explodes at a height of 100 m above level ground.
It breaks into a large number of very small fragments, which move in every direction;
all of them have the same initial velocity of 20 m/s.
We assume that the fragments move without air resistance, in a uniform gravitational field with g=9.81 m/s^2.
Find the volume (in m^3) of the region through which the fragments move before reaching the ground.
Give your answer rounded to four decimal places.
My Algorithm
The German Wikipedia page on trajectory (de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurfparabel) says that the formula of the hull is:
(1) y = dfrac{v^2}{2g} - dfrac{g x^2}{2v^2} + h_0
where g = 9.81, h_0 = 100 and v = 20
I couldn't find it on the English page (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectory_of_a_projectile), though.
Splitting the formula into constant and variable parts:
(2) add = dfrac{v^2}{2g} + h_0
(3) factor = dfrac{g}{2v^2}
(4) y = factor * x^2 + add
The volume of a rotated body is
(5) V = pi * integral{(f(x))^2} dx
Unfortunately, equation (5) applies only to rotations around the x-axis.
The fireworks are rotated around the y-axis, thus I have to find its inverse (swap x and y):
(6) x = factor * y^2 + add
(7) factor * y^2 = x - add
(8) y^2 = dfrac{x - add}{factor}
(9) y = sqrt{dfrac{x - add}{factor}}
I replace equation (9) in (5):
(10) V = pi * integral{(sqrt{dfrac{x - add}{factor}})^2} dx
(11) V = pi * integral{dfrac{x - add}{factor}} dx
(12) V = dfrac{pi}{factor} * integral(x - add) dx
Integrating:
(13) integral_x(x - add) dx = dfrac{x^2}{2} - add * x
Only "points above ground" should be taken into consideration:
- the integral starts at zero, x_{low} = 0
- the integral ends at the highest point of any firework, which is in the centre, that means x_{high} = f(0) in (1) which is x_{high} = add
(14) V = dfrac{pi}{factor} * (( dfrac{x_{high}^2}{2} - add * x_{high}) - (dfrac{x_{low}^2}{2} - add * x_{low} ))
It turns out that for `x_{low} = 0` most of the equation is zero and simplifies to:
(15) V = dfrac{pi}{factor} * (dfrac{x_{high}^2}{2} - add * x_{high})
x_{high} = add allows even further simplification:
(16) V = dfrac{pi}{factor} * (dfrac{add^2}{2} - add * add)
(17) V = dfrac{pi}{factor} * dfrac{-add^2}{2}
(18) V = -dfrac{pi}{2} * dfrac{add^2}{factor}
Equation 18 is used in my code. And in case you forgot what add and factor are:
(19) V = -dfrac{pi}{2} * dfrac{(dfrac{v^2}{2g} + h_0)^2}{dfrac{g}{2v^2}}
The result is basically found instantly without any memory consumption.
Alternative Approaches
... I'm a software engineer and felt that something was missing !
Therefore I wrote a simple loop to integrate the initial formula (1) numerically (well, actually I used equation (4) which is the same):
- slowly step along the x-axis and compute
y = factor * x * x + add
- y will be monotoneously decreasing
- each step that I take adds a small cylinder/slice to the volume (with
sliceHeight = lastY - y
andsliceVolume = pi * x * x * sliceHeight
)
step
which defines the distance between two consecutive x-values:- if
step
is too large, then rounding artifacts falsify the result - if
step
is too small, then the algorithm can be very slow and the volume because so tiny, that it can't be properly represented bydouble
My code contains a dynamic adjustment of
step
after each step, depending on the previous slice volume.Nevertheless, I can't achieve a sufficient precision: two decimal places are no problem but I haven't found the
optimal value for
averageSliceVolume
such that the correct result is displayed.To enable the numeric integration enable
#define NUMERIC_INTEGRATION
.
Interactive test
You can submit your own input to my program and it will be instantly processed at my server:
This is equivalent toecho "10 0" | ./317
Output:
Note: the original problem's input 20 100
cannot be entered
because just copying results is a soft skill reserved for idiots.
(this interactive test is still under development, computations will be aborted after one second)
My code
… was written in C++11 and can be compiled with G++, Clang++, Visual C++. You can download it, too. Or just jump to my GitHub repository.
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
// nore than enough digits of pi ...
const double pi = 3.141592653589793238462;
// gravition (in m/s^2)
const double g = 9.81;
int main()
{
std::cout << std::fixed << std::setprecision(4);
// velocity in m/s
double velocity = 20;
// height above ground (in m)
double height = 100;
// user can adjust fireworks
std::cin >> velocity >> height;
// split formula into constant summand ...
auto add = velocity * velocity / (2 * g) + height;
// ... and factor
auto factor = - g / (2 * velocity * velocity);
// integral from 0 to "add" of pi * (0.5 * i * i - add * i) / factor
// => it's zero at 0, just compute at "add"
auto result = -0.5 * pi * add * add / factor;
std::cout << result << std::endl;
//#define NUMERIC_INTEGRATION
#ifdef NUMERIC_INTEGRATION
// accumulated volume so far
double volume = 0;
// distance between two consecutive x
double step = 0.00001;
// current x
double x = 0;
// y of previous iteration
double lastY = 0;
// preferred size of a slice, adjust "step" accordingly
double averageSliceVolume = 0.0001;
while (true)
{
// evaluate formula (4)
auto y = x * x * factor + add;
// hit the ground ? ==> done
if (y <= 0)
break;
// height of cylinder
auto sliceHeight = lastY - y;
// volume of cylinder
auto sliceVolume = pi * x * x * sliceHeight;
// add to accumulated volume
volume += sliceVolume;
// slice was too large / too small ? adjust distance to next x
if (sliceVolume > averageSliceVolume)
step /= 2;
else
step *= 2;
// next iteration
x += step;
lastY = y;
}
std::cout << volume << std::endl;
#endif
return 0;
}
This solution contains 16 empty lines, 22 comments and 4 preprocessor commands.
Benchmark
The correct solution to the original Project Euler problem was found in less than 0.01 seconds on an Intel® Core™ i7-2600K CPU @ 3.40GHz.
(compiled for x86_64 / Linux, GCC flags: -O3 -march=native -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti -std=gnu++11 -DORIGINAL
)
See here for a comparison of all solutions.
Note: interactive tests run on a weaker (=slower) computer. Some interactive tests are compiled without -DORIGINAL
.
Changelog
July 5, 2017 submitted solution
July 5, 2017 added comments
Difficulty
Project Euler ranks this problem at 35% (out of 100%).
Links
projecteuler.net/thread=317 - the best forum on the subject (note: you have to submit the correct solution first)
Code in various languages:
Python github.com/frrad/project-euler/blob/master/python/Problem317.py (written by Frederick Robinson)
Python github.com/LaurentMazare/ProjectEuler/blob/master/e317.py (written by Laurent Mazare)
Python github.com/Meng-Gen/ProjectEuler/blob/master/317.py (written by Meng-Gen Tsai)
C++ github.com/roosephu/project-euler/blob/master/317.cpp (written by Yuping Luo)
C++ github.com/smacke/project-euler/blob/master/cpp/317.cpp (written by Stephen Macke)
Java github.com/thrap/project-euler/blob/master/src/Java/Problem317.java (written by Magnus Solheim Thrap)
Mathematica github.com/steve98654/ProjectEuler/blob/master/317.nb
Those links are just an unordered selection of source code I found with a semi-automatic search script on Google/Bing/GitHub/whatever.
You will probably stumble upon better solutions when searching on your own.
Maybe not all linked resources produce the correct result and/or exceed time/memory limits.
Heatmap
Please click on a problem's number to open my solution to that problem:
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gray | problems are already solved but I haven't published my solution yet | |
blue | solutions are relevant for Project Euler only: there wasn't a Hackerrank version of it (at the time I solved it) or it differed too much | |
orange | problems are solved but exceed the time limit of one minute or the memory limit of 256 MByte | |
red | problems are not solved yet but I wrote a simulation to approximate the result or verified at least the given example - usually I sketched a few ideas, too | |
black | problems are solved but access to the solution is blocked for a few days until the next problem is published | |
[new] | the flashing problem is the one I solved most recently |
I stopped working on Project Euler problems around the time they released 617.
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I scored 13526 points (out of 15700 possible points, top rank was 17 out of ≈60000 in August 2017) at Hackerrank's Project Euler+.
My username at Project Euler is stephanbrumme while it's stbrumme at Hackerrank.
Look at my progress and performance pages to get more details.
Copyright
I hope you enjoy my code and learn something - or give me feedback how I can improve my solutions.
All of my solutions can be used for any purpose and I am in no way liable for any damages caused.
You can even remove my name and claim it's yours. But then you shall burn in hell.
The problems and most of the problems' images were created by Project Euler.
Thanks for all their endless effort !!!
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